Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer and Surface-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model     

Ben Yang  Yun Qian  Larry K. Berg  Po-Lun Ma  Sonia Wharton  Vera Bulaevskaya  Huiping Yan  Zhangshuan Hou  William J. Shaw 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,162(1):117-142

We evaluate the sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds to 26 parameters within the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer scheme and MM5 surface-layer scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model over an area of complex terrain. An efficient sampling algorithm and generalized linear model are used to explore the multiple-dimensional parameter space and quantify the parametric sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds. The results indicate that most of the variability in the ensemble simulations is due to parameters related to the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Prandtl number, turbulent length scales, surface roughness, and the von Kármán constant. The parameter associated with the TKE dissipation rate is found to be most important, and a larger dissipation rate produces larger hub-height wind speeds. A larger Prandtl number results in smaller nighttime wind speeds. Increasing surface roughness reduces the frequencies of both extremely weak and strong airflows, implying a reduction in the variability of wind speed. All of the above parameters significantly affect the vertical profiles of wind speed and the magnitude of wind shear. The relative contributions of individual parameters are found to be dependent on both the terrain slope and atmospheric stability.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal variations in rainfall erosivity during the period of 1960–2011 in Guangdong Province,southern China     

Qinghe?Zhao  Qian?Liu  Lijiao?Ma  Shengyan?DingEmail author  Shanshan?Xu  Changsong?Wu  Pu?Liu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,128(1-2):113-128

Rainfall erosivity, which shows a potential risk of soil loss caused by water erosion, is an important factor in soil erosion process. In consideration of the critical condition of soil erosion induced by rainfall in Guangdong Province of southern China, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall erosivity based on daily rainfall data observed at 25 meteorological stations during the period of 1960–2011. The methods of global spatial autocorrelation, kriging interpolation, Mann–Kendall test, and continuous wavelet transform were used. Results revealed that the annual rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province, which spatially varied with the maximum level observed in June, was classified as high erosivity with two peaks that occur in spring and summer. In the direction of south–north, mean annual rainfall erosivity, which showed significant relationships with mean annual rainfall and latitude, gradually decreased with the high values mainly distributed in the coastal area and the low values mainly occurring in the lowlands of northwestern Guangdong. Meanwhile, a significant positive spatial autocorrelation which implied a clustered pattern was observed for annual rainfall erosivity. The spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall erosivity exhibited clustering tendencies, except spring erosivity with Moran’s I and Z values of 0.1 and 1.04, respectively. The spatial distribution of monthly rainfall erosivity presented clustered patterns in January–March and July–October as well as random patterns in the remaining months. The temporal trend of mean rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province showed no statistically significant trend at the annual, seasonal, and monthly scales. However, at each station, 1 out of 25 stations exhibited a statistically significant trend at the annual scale; 4 stations located around the Pearl River Delta presented significant trends in summer at the seasonal scale; significant trends were observed in March (increasing trends at 3 stations), June (increasing trends at 4 stations located in the Beijiang River Basin), and October (decreasing trends at 4 stations) at the monthly scale. In accordance with the mean annual rainfall over Guangdong Province, the mean annual rainfall erosivity showed two significant periodicities of 3–6 and 10–12 years at a confidence level of 95 %. In conclusion, the results of this study provide insights into the spatiotemporal variation in rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province and support for agrolandscape planning and water and soil conservation efforts in this region.  相似文献   

A peak-cluster assessment method for the identification of upland planation surfaces     

Li-Yang Xiong  Guo-An Tang  Ye-Qing Qian 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(2):387-404

Residual upland planation surfaces serve as strong evidence of peneplains during long intervals of base-level stability in the peneplanation process. Multi-stage planation surfaces could aid the calculation of uplift rates and the reconstruction of upland plateau evolution. However, most planation surfaces have been damaged by crustal uplift, tectonic deformation, and surface erosion, thus increasing the difficulty in automatically identifying residual planation surfaces. This study proposes a peak-cluster assessment method for the automatic identification of potential upland planation surfaces. It consists of two steps: peak extraction and peak-cluster characterization. Three critical parameters, namely, landform planation index (LPI), peak elevation standard deviation, and peak density, are employed to assess peak clusters. The proposed method is applied and validated in five case areas in the Tibetan Plateau using a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) with 3 arc-second resolution. Results show that the proposed method can effectively extract potential planation surfaces, which are found to be stable with different resolutions of DEM data. A significant planation characteristic can be obtained in the relatively flat areas of the Gangdise–Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Qaidam Basin. Several vestiges of potential former planation areas are also extracted in the hilly-gully areas of the western part of the Himalaya Mountains, the northern part of the Tangula–Hengduan Mountains, and the northeastern part of the Kunlun–Qinling Mountains despite the absence of significant topographical features characterized by low slope angles or low terrain reliefs. Vestiges of planation surfaces are also identified in these hilly-gully upland areas. Hence, the proposed method can be effectively used to extract potential upland planation surfaces not only in flat areas but also in hilly-gully areas.  相似文献   

A collective human mobility analysis method based on data usage detail records     

Hao Jiang  Qian Li  Xian Zhou  Yanqiu Chen  Shuwen Yi  Hai Wang 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(12):2359-2381

Human mobility patterns have been widely investigated due to their application in a wide variety of fields, for example urban planning and epidemiology. Many studies have introduced spatial networks into human mobility analyses at the collective level. However, these studies merely analyzed spatial network structure, and the underlying collective mobility patterns were not further discussed. In this paper, we propose a collective mobility discovery method based on community differences (CMDCD). We constructed spatial networks where nodes represent geographical entities and edge weights denote collective mobility intensity between geographical entities. The differences between communities detected from the networks constructed in different periods were then identified. Since collective spatial movement has a large influence on network structure, we can discover groups with different mobility patterns based on community differences. By applying the method to data usage detail records collected from the cellular networks in a city of China, we analyzed different collective mobility patterns between the Spring Festival vacation and workdays. The experimental results show that our method can solve these two problems of identifying community differences and discovering users with different mobility patterns simultaneously. Moreover, the CMDCD method is an integrated approach to discover groups whose mobility patterns have changed in different periods at the large spatial scale and the small spatial scale. The discovered collective mobility patterns can be used to guide urban planning, traffic forecasting, urban resource allocation, providing new insights into human mobility patterns and spatial interaction analyses.  相似文献   

基于生境质量的城市增长边界研究——以长三角地区为例   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

吴健生  毛家颖  林倩  李嘉诚 《地理科学》2017,37(1):28-36

基于“生态优先”理念,提出一种利用生境质量评估策略的城市增长边界划定方法。结合ArcGIS和InVEST模型,通过综合评估生境自身及其在威胁情境下的质量,模拟各市独立规划、建设用地指标再分配及区域一体化发展的三类建设用地扩张情景,分别划定2024和2034年的长三角地区城市增长边界。结果表明：研究区生境质量总体呈南高北低格局,平均生态系统服务价值密度为10 770.604元/（hm²·a）,高质生境位于西南地区;根据指标再分配及一体化发展情景模拟的2024年研究区建设用地总量分别为10 583.273 km2和10 489.090 km2,2034年达到13 603.535 km2和13 252.370 km2;模拟的建设用地集中在东部沿海地区,并向北部及环杭州湾区域拓展;建设用地指标再分配能从整体上减少建设用地对优质生境的占用,区域一体化发展则能进一步降低城市发展造成的生态压力。  相似文献   

树木年轮碳稳定同位素在气象中的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

吕军  屠其璞  钱君龙 《气象》2001,27(1):9-13

对树木年轮碳同位素方法在气象中的应用及其成果作了综合评述，并对该领域目前存在的问题和前景作了一定的展望。  相似文献   

前兆地电阻率资料处理的剥皮法   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

毛先进  钱家栋 《地震学报》2001,24(6):645-650

在台址下电阻率分层均匀的前提下，针对我国绝大多数前兆地电台单极距观测的事实与现状，提出一种试图从这种观测所获得的视电阻率时间序列中识别电阻率表层变化和深部变化的等效模型方法．分析表明，在保持布极方式和观测结果不变的前提下，任意多层的地电结构都可以视为一个二层地电结构——等效模型．本文中，等效模型上层的地电参数（电阻率和厚度）与实际模型第一层相同，下层的地电参数（电阻率）则根据等效要求，由实际模型第二层及其以下各层的地电参数经计算得到，因此，等效模型的下层包含了实际模型第二层及其以下各层的综合影响．初步研究表明，这种方法是可行的．   相似文献   

青藏高原东部玛多-沙马地区的重力场与深部构造   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9  

王谦身  安玉林 《地球物理学进展》2001,16(4):4-10

根据青藏高原东部玛多-沙马（下察隅）重力剖面的重力数据资料，对该地区的重力场和深部地壳构造特征作了分析研究，提出青藏高原东部的布格重力异常是高原边缘高，内部低，地壳厚度是边缘薄，内部厚，平均地壳厚度为60km左右，在察隅-沙马地区，为负均衡异常区，因此，该地区是属于地壳上升的地区，此项结果，填补了察隅-沙马地区的均衡重力异常的空白。  相似文献   

亚洲季风区地面感热通量的区域变化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

衷雅芳  钱永甫 《南京气象学院学报》2001,24(3):398-404

采用1979－1995年（缺1986、1987、1993）NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中的逐旬感热通量资料，对亚洲季风区地面感热通量的空间结构及时间演变进行了旋转经验正交函数（REOF）分析。结果表明：印度半岛和中南半岛地区感势通量的变化与亚洲季风的爆发及演变有密切关系，是季风爆发的主要关键区。这两个地区的感热积累是东亚季风爆发的触发因素之一，尤其是印度半岛北部感热通量的突变对印度夏季风演变十分重要。印度半岛北部与青藏高原西部的热力差异在季风的爆发和维持中占有重要地位。而东北亚与西北太平洋的热力差异只对东亚夏季风的演变有影响，与冬季风则无直接关联。在东亚季风的爆发中居主导地位的还是印度半岛北部和青藏高原西北部的感热加热作用。  相似文献   

近景摄影测量用于直接生成塑像施工图纸   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

冯文灏  李欣  江万寿  高新乔  王茜  王升定  付克勤 《测绘学报》2001,30(2):127-132

对高 6.1 9m的塑像模型实施近景摄影测量以直接生成高 61 .9m铜表面塑像的施工图纸。本文报道此工程中建立精度为± 0 .0 5 mm的特高精度工业测量控制网、在解析测图仪上同时处理 4个像对、对塑像进行表面处理、统计塑像耗铜量以及直接提供铜塑像施工图纸等项研究成果。与相仿工程相比较 ,本工程的资金投入与耗时有大幅度的减少  相似文献